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Surgeon simulator 20166/26/2023 ![]() Therefore, the use of VR simulation is a widely accepted effective method to train robot assisted surgery from basic and advanced skills to procedural training. The training with inanimate models such as 3D-printed anatomical structures is a safe and realistic training method, but limited due to the requirement of training instruments and access to a live console. While cadaveric training has the benefits of the realistic anatomy and the opportunity for procedural training, it remains costly and comes with ethical concerns. Simulation models primarily consist of virtual reality (VR) simulation, inanimate models and live animal or cadaveric training. Before proctoring or mentoring, simulation models are used to practice robotic skills or procedures in a safe environment. Unfortunately, this method of training is limited in availability of an additional ‘mentor’ console and requires additional informed consent. Mentoring using a mentor console provides a safe collaboration between the trainee and a local experienced mentor. However, proctoring is expensive when required for a more extensive period. Although this method has never proven its efficacy it is generally accepted that it allows for a safe and interactive learning. Proctoring often consists of an external expert providing direct supervision during surgery. There are multiple modalities used to learn robot assisted surgery. Therefore, these circumstances demand an extensive standardized training curriculum before a surgical trainee is fit to ‘fly’. Training of robot assisted surgery is often compared to the training of an airline pilot, because both deal with complex technology and have very limited room for errors, which could result in severe complications. Robot assisted surgery has been widely accepted during the past years and continues to grow which leads to more surgeons being trained in robot assisted surgery. The composite pass/fail scores of Tasks 1 and 2 allow for proficiency-based training and could be implemented in a robot assisted surgery training curriculum. The participants score the RobotiX good on the content validity level. This study assessed the validity evidence on multiple levels of the three studied tasks. Calculated composite pass/fail scores between robotic experienced and novice participants resulted for Task 1 in 73/100 (FP 21%, FN 5%), Task 2 in 85/100 (FP 28%, FN 4%) and Task 3 in 64/100 (FP 49%, FN 22%). ![]() Parameters showing construct validity mainly consisted of movement parameters, needle precision and task completion time. Robotic experienced participants significantly outperformed novices and laparoscopic experienced participants on multiple parameters on all three tasks of complex suturing. Overall content validity outcomes were scored positively on the realism (mean 3.7), didactic value (mean 4.0) and usability (mean 4.2). Resultsįifteen robotic experienced, 26 laparoscopic experienced and 29 novices were recruited. Composite scores (0–100) were calculated from the construct parameters and corresponding pass/fail scores with false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) percentages. ![]() Accordingly, the outcome of the parameters was used to assess construct validity between robotic experienced and novice participants. Three component tasks of complex suturing were performed on the RobotiX simulator (Task1: tilted plane needle transfer, Task: 2 intracorporal suturing, Task 3: anastomosis needle transfer). Subsequently, a questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale was completed to assess the content validity. Participants were voluntary recruited and divided in the robotic experienced, laparoscopic experienced or novice group, based on self-reported surgical experience. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the validity evidence of advanced suturing tasks on a robot assisted VR simulator. However, for tasks to be implemented in a curriculum, the levels of validity should be studied for proficiency-based training. Compared to conventional open or laparoscopic surgery, virtual reality (VR) training is an essential component in learning robot assisted surgery. Robot assisted surgery has expanded considerably in the past years.
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